N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a carcinogen in experimental animals. It has been classified a probable human carcinogen and has been found in ranitidine. This study sought to evaluate the association between ranitidine use and cancer of the gastrointestinal system. Events reported to the FDA Adverse Events Reporting System that were ...Jul 23, 2021 · Results were published July 12 by the British Journal of Cancer. Overall, 4,746 (14.0%) patients died, with an adjusted HR of 1.38 (95% CI, 1.32 to 1.44) for all-cause mortality among PPI users compared with PPI nonusers. Stronger associations were found among men, patients with cancer stage 0 to 1, those with rectal cancer, and those receiving ... April 7, 2020. Some drugs that contain ranitidine (best known as Zantac) have been found by the FDA to have unacceptable amounts of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a possible cancer-causing chemical (which also triggered recalls of certain lots of the blood pressure drugs called angiotensin-receptor blockers). On April 1, 2020, the FDA requested ...There was no evidence of increased risk for various cancers among patients who used ranitidine compared with those who used famotidine; however, ranitidine users compared with the general ...Of the total 702,817 patients, we excluded those who met any of the following criteria: (1) Users of ranitidine or famotidine between 2007–2008, (2) patients with an overlapping use of two drugs between 2009–2011, (3) diagnosed with cancer between 2007–2011, (4) aged under 30 or over 80, and (5) died before December 2011.Dec 12, 2022 · What is this drug used for? It is used to treat or prevent GI (gastrointestinal) ulcers. It is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD; acid reflux). It is used to treat heartburn and sour stomach. It is used to treat syndromes caused by lots of stomach acid. It may be given to you for other reasons. Talk with the doctor. Omeprazole is also used to treat dyspepsia, a condition that causes sour stomach, belching, heart burn, or indigestion. In addition, omeprazole is used to prevent upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in seriously ill patients. Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). It works by decreasing the amount of acid produced by the stomach.Aug 20, 2014 · This would apply to Phillips’ Milk of Magnesia and magnesium citrate products such as Citroma. Another laxative with a kidney disease warning is polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3350 (e.g., MiraLAX). The concern is apparently that PEG might cause volume depletion. 8. Oral analgesics may carry a warning against use with kidney disease. Jan 15, 2020 · Featuring Demian Dressler, DVM and Sue Ettinger, DVM, Dip. ACVIM (Oncology), authors of The Dog Cancer Survival Guide. Articles. Book Excerpts: Free Chapters. Full Spectrum Cancer Care. Step 1: Conventional Treatments. Step 2: Nutraceuticals. Step 3: Immune Supplements and Anti-Metastatic Supplements. Step 4: The Dog Cancer Diet. Famotidine oral tablet can interact with several other medications. Different interactions can cause different effects. For instance, some can interfere with how well a drug works, while others ...Be sure that you have an optimal vitamin D level (≥ 30 ng/mL or ≥74.9 nmol/L). People with breast cancer and prostate cancer may need higher blood levels of vitamin D. Practice great posture and use good body mechanics to prevent spine fractures. Strengthen your legs and do balance exercises to prevent falls and fractures.Uses of Pepcid AC: It is used to treat or prevent GI (gastrointestinal) ulcers. It is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD; acid reflux ). It is used to treat heartburn and sour stomach. It is used to treat syndromes caused by lots of stomach acid. It may be given to you for other reasons.Pepcid also treats gastroesophageal reflux disease and other conditions in which acid backs up from the stomach into the esophagus, causing heartburn. Warnings. Before taking Pepcid, tell your doctor if you have kidney or liver disease, a history of Long QT syndrome, stomach cancer or other problems, or asthma, COPD, or other breathing problems.Algunos medicamentos como clozapina, cloropromazina, flufenazina, haloperidol, risperidona, olanzapina, quetiapina, risperidona, ziprasidona y perfenazina pueden afectar la salud del corazón. Algunos pueden causar daño directo al corazón (miocarditis), mientras que otros pueden causar trastornos eléctricos (arritmias).Nov 18, 2016 · "Use of PPIs and H2 blockers is associated with a small increase in risk of incident kidney stones. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings and to investigate whether the excess risk is ... The limited tissue pathology available from early COVID-19 cases seems to support both viral infection as well as histamine effects in the lung. In a singular study of early COVID-19, Sufang Tian et al. (2020b) describe the viral lung pathology of early COVID-19 in tissue resected for cancer. Their photomicrographs show two different patterns ...Aug 1, 2023 · Precautions. It is very important that your doctor check your or your child's progress at regular visits to make sure this medicine is working properly. Blood and urine tests may be needed to check for unwanted effects. If your condition does not improve, or if it become worse, check with your doctor. Check with your doctor right away if you ... La famotidina es un medicamento que se prescribe a menudo para la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE), así como para las úlceras y la indigestión grave. Sin embargo, en el centro de las demandas por famotidina está la alegación de que también causa más casos de síndrome de Stevens Johnson de lo que sugiere la etiqueta de ...Gastric cancer is found among people who take Famotidine, especially for people who are male, 60+ old, have been taking the drug for < 1 month. The phase IV clinical study analyzes which people take Famotidine and have Gastric cancer. It is created by eHealthMe based on reports of 64,982 people who have side effects when taking Famotidine from ...Jan 9, 2020 · Federal regulators said other heartburn medications, such as famotidine (Pepcid), cimetidine (Tagamet), esomeprazole (Nexium), lansoprazole (Prevacid) and omeprazole (Prilosec) have not tested... Pepcid Complete side effects. Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. you still have heartburn after 2 weeks of taking Pepcid Complete. Less serious side effects may be more likely, and you may have none at all.64,982 people reported to have side effects when taking Famotidine. Among them, 116 people (0.18%) have Stomach cancer. Famotidine has active ingredients of famotidine. It is often used in gastroesophageal reflux disease. eHealthMe is studying from 66,286 Famotidine users for its effectiveness, alternative drugs and more.Applies to famotidine: compounding powder, intravenous solution, oral powder for reconstitution, oral tablet, oral tablet chewable, oral tablet disintegrating. General The most commonly reported side effects include headache, dizziness, constipation, and diarrhea.May 21, 2020 · Famotidine, a medication used to treat heartburn and stomach ulcers, has recently gone into shortage. The shortage could be due to recalls of other heartburn medications, use of the drug in COVID-19 treatment research, or a combination of both. People who are not able to obtain famotidine can look into alternative medications such as nizatidine (Axid), cimetidine (Tagamet), and cimetidine HB ... Nov 18, 2016 · "Use of PPIs and H2 blockers is associated with a small increase in risk of incident kidney stones. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings and to investigate whether the excess risk is ... Famotidine can be sold to the public for adults and children over 16 years (provided packs do not contain more than 2 weeks’ supply) for the short-term symptomatic relief of heartburn, dyspepsia, and hyperacidity, and for the prevention of these symptoms when associated with consumption of food or drink including when they cause sleep disturbance (max. single dose 10 mg, max. daily dose 20 mg).PPIs like omeprazole are used to treat GERD and acid reflux, but they may cause elevated gastrin levels in the stomach. This may play a role in the development of gastric cancer. Long-term use of PPIs may cause certain health risks, but other medications and lifestyle changes may help manage these conditions. Prevention strategies like stopping ...These are very popular BP medications. That’s partly because they are less likely than ACE inhibitors such as lisinopril to cause a cough. The debate goes back more than a decade. In 2010, a meta-analysis suggested a link between ARB use and lung cancer (Lancet Oncology, July 2010). The FDA reviewed this potential risk itself.Why the drugs affect your mind. Both anticholinergics and benzodiazepines affect the activity of neurotransmitters—chemical messengers that work in the central nervous system—but the drugs work in slightly different ways. Anticholinergic drugs block the action of acetylcholine. In the brain, acetylcholine is involved in learning and memory.Oct 1, 2019 · Ranitidine (also known by its brand name, Zantac, which is sold by the drug company Sanofi) is available both over the counter (OTC) and by prescription. It belongs to the class of drugs known as H2 (or histamine-2) blockers. OTC ranitidine is commonly used to relieve and prevent heartburn. Prescription strengths are also used to treat and ... Kim HJ, An SH, Cho YH, Kim SY, Lee HG, Yoon SY, "Oxaliplatin-induced Torsades de pointes and long QT syndrome in a patient with gastric cancer", Acta Oncologica, 2013 Aug . Related studies How severe was Gastric cancer and when was it recovered: Gastric cancer in Pepcid ac; Expand to all the drugs that have ingredients of famotidine:Thirty patients with breast cancer were prospectively randomized into case and control groups receiving 40 mg famotidine preoperatively for 10-14 days and routine premedication, respectively. Surgical specimens were evaluated objectively for tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in the center and in the periphery of the tumor along with evaluation of ...Nov 7, 2022 · mood problems, such as depression or anxiety. seizures. liver damage. thrombocytopenia *. heart palpitations *. severe allergic reaction. * To learn more about this side effect, see the “Side ... Feb 5, 2021 · Learn more about some of the side effects Ozempic may cause. Thyroid cancer risk. Ozempic has a boxed warning about the possible risk of thyroid cancer. Ozempic has caused thyroid cancer in ... Aug 1, 2023 · Famotidine belongs to the group of medicines known as histamine H2-receptor antagonists or H2-blockers. It works by decreasing the amount of acid produced by the stomach. This medicine is available with your doctor's prescription and also without a prescription. For the prescription form, there is more medicine in each tablet. Su cuerpo está experimentando cambios que tienen un efecto directo en su apetito. Los cambios en el gusto y el olfato, sequedad de la boca, cambios en el estómago y los intestinos, falta de aliento, náuseas, vómitos, diarrea y estreñimiento son solo algunas de las cosas que dificultan su capacidad de comer.Famotidine se usa para tratar y prevenir úlceras en el estómago y en los intestinos. También se usa para tratar condiciones en las que el estómago produce demasiado ácido, como el síndrome Zollinger-Ellison. Famotidine también se usa para tratar la enfermedad de reflujo gastroesofágico (GERD, por sus siglas en Inglés) y otras ...Federal regulators said other heartburn medications, such as famotidine (Pepcid), cimetidine (Tagamet), esomeprazole (Nexium), lansoprazole (Prevacid) and omeprazole (Prilosec) have not tested...What is this drug used for? It is used to treat or prevent GI (gastrointestinal) ulcers. It is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD; acid reflux). It is used to treat heartburn and sour stomach. It is used to treat syndromes caused by lots of stomach acid. It may be given to you for other reasons. Talk with the doctor.Sep 19, 2022 · Famotidine may be used for a longer period under the direction of your healthcare provider for treatment of intestinal or stomach ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), erosive esophagitis, or other acid-related conditions. It is for use in adults and children 12 years of age and older. Do not take more than 2 tablets in a 24 hour period. Exploring Potential Links Between Famotidine and Cancer Risks. Famotidine is a type of medication known as a histamine-2 (H2) blockers. It is used to help reduce and prevent symptoms caused by excess stomach acid, such as heartburn, acid reflux, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).Nonprescription antihistamines all carry urinary tract warnings: against use in patients with prostatic enlargement in the case of first-generation products, and against use in kidney disease in the case of second-generation products. Patients with allergic rhinitis can be advised to try cromolyn nasal spray (NasalCrom) or triamcinolone ...64,982 people reported to have side effects when taking Famotidine. Among them, 116 people (0.18%) have Stomach cancer. Famotidine has active ingredients of famotidine. It is often used in gastroesophageal reflux disease. eHealthMe is studying from 66,286 Famotidine users for its effectiveness, alternative drugs and more.Aug 1, 2023 · Precautions. It is very important that your doctor check your or your child's progress at regular visits to make sure this medicine is working properly. Blood and urine tests may be needed to check for unwanted effects. If your condition does not improve, or if it become worse, check with your doctor. Check with your doctor right away if you ... Su cuerpo está experimentando cambios que tienen un efecto directo en su apetito. Los cambios en el gusto y el olfato, sequedad de la boca, cambios en el estómago y los intestinos, falta de aliento, náuseas, vómitos, diarrea y estreñimiento son solo algunas de las cosas que dificultan su capacidad de comer.The FDA announced that certain ranitidine heartburn medications, including Zantac, may contain traces of a cancer-causing chemical called N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). As of now, the FDA isn't ...Famotidine is an acid-suppressing agent that may be used to treat a wide range of gastric-acid-related disorders including gastric ulcers, heartburn, and GERD. A headache is the most common side effect. Drug interactions with famotidine are uncommon. 5.Ranitidine (also known by its brand name, Zantac, which is sold by the drug company Sanofi) is available both over the counter (OTC) and by prescription. It belongs to the class of drugs known as H2 (or histamine-2) blockers. OTC ranitidine is commonly used to relieve and prevent heartburn. Prescription strengths are also used to treat and ...Famotidine can be sold to the public for adults and children over 16 years (provided packs do not contain more than 2 weeks’ supply) for the short-term symptomatic relief of heartburn, dyspepsia, and hyperacidity, and for the prevention of these symptoms when associated with consumption of food or drink including when they cause sleep disturbance (max. single dose 10 mg, max. daily dose 20 mg).Incidence not known Agitation blistering, peeling, or loosening of the skin burning, crawling, itching, numbness, prickling, "pins and needles", or tingling feelings chest pain chills clay-colored stools dark urine diarrheaSee full list on peoplespharmacy.com Of the total 702,817 patients, we excluded those who met any of the following criteria: (1) Users of ranitidine or famotidine between 2007–2008, (2) patients with an overlapping use of two drugs between 2009–2011, (3) diagnosed with cancer between 2007–2011, (4) aged under 30 or over 80, and (5) died before December 2011.FAMOTIDINE (fa MOE ti deen) treats heartburn, stomach ulcers, reflux disease, or other conditions that cause too much stomach acid. It works by reducing the amount of acid in the stomach. This medicine may be used for other purposes; ask your health care provider or pharmacist if you have questions. COMMON BRAND NAME (S): Heartburn Relief ... Aug 1, 2023 · Famotidine belongs to the group of medicines known as histamine H2-receptor antagonists or H2-blockers. It works by decreasing the amount of acid produced by the stomach. This medicine is available with your doctor's prescription and also without a prescription. For the prescription form, there is more medicine in each tablet. Applies to famotidine: compounding powder, intravenous solution, oral powder for reconstitution, oral tablet, oral tablet chewable, oral tablet disintegrating. General The most commonly reported side effects include headache, dizziness, constipation, and diarrhea.Usted puede recibir una inyección de famotidina en un hospital o puede administrar el medicamento en casa. Si recibirá la inyección de famotidina en casa, su proveedor de cuidado de salud le demostrará cómo utilizar el medicamento. Asegúrese de comprender estas instrucciones y pregúntele a su proveedor de cuidado de salud si tiene alguna ... Ranitidine was the active ingredient in Zantac, recalled due to cancer risk. Famotidine is the active ingredient they have replaced ranitidine with. Both do the same thing. Famotidine can cause a slight decrease in as well as increased efficacy and capacity for the heart. It has been shown to increase cardiac performance.Federal regulators said other heartburn medications, such as famotidine (Pepcid), cimetidine (Tagamet), esomeprazole (Nexium), lansoprazole (Prevacid) and omeprazole (Prilosec) have not tested...Feb 5, 2021 · Learn more about some of the side effects Ozempic may cause. Thyroid cancer risk. Ozempic has a boxed warning about the possible risk of thyroid cancer. Ozempic has caused thyroid cancer in ... Famotidine can be sold to the public for adults and children over 16 years (provided packs do not contain more than 2 weeks’ supply) for the short-term symptomatic relief of heartburn, dyspepsia, and hyperacidity, and for the prevention of these symptoms when associated with consumption of food or drink including when they cause sleep disturbance (max. single dose 10 mg, max. daily dose 20 mg).May 5, 2020 · There was no evidence of increased risk for various cancers among patients who used ranitidine compared with those who used famotidine; however, ranitidine users compared with the general ... Millions of Americans take medications known as proton pump inhibitors every day to treat heartburn and acid reflux, and in recent years, these drugs, also known as PPIs, have been linked to a ...Jan 3, 2020 · This can cause levels of gastrin to be higher, he explains. "As a result, the acid-secreting cells of the stomach are hyper-stimulated, leading to increased acid secretion and decreased stomach pH ... Jul 23, 2021 · Results were published July 12 by the British Journal of Cancer. Overall, 4,746 (14.0%) patients died, with an adjusted HR of 1.38 (95% CI, 1.32 to 1.44) for all-cause mortality among PPI users compared with PPI nonusers. Stronger associations were found among men, patients with cancer stage 0 to 1, those with rectal cancer, and those receiving ... The phase IV clinical study analyzes which people take Famotidine and have Enlarged prostate. It is created by eHealthMe based on reports of 64,982 people who have side effects when taking Famotidine from the FDA, and is updated regularly. You can use the study as a second opinion to make health care decisions.Risk of cancer appeared significantly lower with ranitidine versus famotidine for most individual cancers as well, with odds ratios of 0.54 to 0.99 and 95% confidence intervals below 1.0 for ...Possíveis efeitos colaterais. Os efeitos colaterais mais comuns da famotidina são dor de cabeça, tonturas, diarreia, prisão de ventre, boca seca, náuseas, vômitos, inchaço na barriga, perda do apetite ou fadiga. Além disso, a famotidina pode causar manchas ou bolhas na pele com coceira, manchas avermelhadas, ansiedade, palpitações ...Key takeaways: In 2020, the FDA issued a recall of all versions of a heartburn medication called ranitidine, better known as Zantac, due to a potential cancer risk. Recently, Zantac relaunched with a new name and a different ingredient — Zantac 360 (famotidine). Famotidine doesn't have the same cancer risk as ranitidine, making it a safer option.Risk of cancer appeared significantly lower with ranitidine versus famotidine for most individual cancers as well, with odds ratios of 0.54 to 0.99 and 95% confidence intervals below 1.0 for ...FAMOTIDINE (fa MOE ti deen) treats heartburn, stomach ulcers, reflux disease, or other conditions that cause too much stomach acid. It works by reducing the amount of acid in the stomach. This medicine may be used for other purposes; ask your health care provider or pharmacist if you have questions. COMMON BRAND NAME (S): Heartburn Relief ... Jan 3, 2020 · This can cause levels of gastrin to be higher, he explains. "As a result, the acid-secreting cells of the stomach are hyper-stimulated, leading to increased acid secretion and decreased stomach pH ... Pepcid also treats gastroesophageal reflux disease and other conditions in which acid backs up from the stomach into the esophagus, causing heartburn. Warnings. Before taking Pepcid, tell your doctor if you have kidney or liver disease, a history of Long QT syndrome, stomach cancer or other problems, or asthma, COPD, or other breathing problems.April 7, 2020. Some drugs that contain ranitidine (best known as Zantac) have been found by the FDA to have unacceptable amounts of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a possible cancer-causing chemical (which also triggered recalls of certain lots of the blood pressure drugs called angiotensin-receptor blockers). On April 1, 2020, the FDA requested ...The FDA announced that certain ranitidine heartburn medications, including Zantac, may contain traces of a cancer-causing chemical called N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). As of now, the FDA isn't ...Sanidad retira un fármaco contra la úlcera y el reflujo por detectar un posible cancerígeno La Agencia Española de Medicamentos ha hallado nitrosaminas en las pastillas de ranitidina.Oct 7, 2019 · Manufacturers and big pharmacies are recalling Zantac after the FDA announced it was investigating low-levels of cancer-causing chemicals in the popular heartburn drug. There are other drugs that work similarly to Zantac and are safe alternatives, including Pepcid and Tagamet. Experts say that if you’ve been taking Zantac, it’s likely that ... Famotidine can be sold to the public for adults and children over 16 years (provided packs do not contain more than 2 weeks’ supply) for the short-term symptomatic relief of heartburn, dyspepsia, and hyperacidity, and for the prevention of these symptoms when associated with consumption of food or drink including when they cause sleep disturbance (max. single dose 10 mg, max. daily dose 20 mg).Oct 22, 2021 · Background Cell pyroptosis has been characterized by cell swelling and pro-inflammatory factors release to aggravate inflammatory reaction., such as interlukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interlukin18 (IL-18). However, the function of famotidine, an antagonist of histamine H2-receptor antagonists, in cell pyroptosis remained unknown. Methods Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), western blotting (WB ... Safe alternatives to Zantac are available. The drug is one of several H2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs), including cimetidine (Tagamet) and famotidine (Pepcid). Testing does not show that these ...Dec 23, 2020 · N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a carcinogen in experimental animals. It has been classified a probable human carcinogen and has been found in ranitidine. This study sought to evaluate the association between ranitidine use and cancer of the gastrointestinal system. Events reported to the FDA Adverse Events Reporting System that were ...
Millions of Americans take medications known as proton pump inhibitors every day to treat heartburn and acid reflux, and in recent years, these drugs, also known as PPIs, have been linked to a .... Omsi 2 willshire
Dec 23, 2020 · N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a carcinogen in experimental animals. It has been classified a probable human carcinogen and has been found in ranitidine. This study sought to evaluate the association between ranitidine use and cancer of the gastrointestinal system. Events reported to the FDA Adverse Events Reporting System that were ... Exploring Potential Links Between Famotidine and Cancer Risks. Famotidine is a type of medication known as a histamine-2 (H2) blockers. It is used to help reduce and prevent symptoms caused by excess stomach acid, such as heartburn, acid reflux, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).Su cuerpo está experimentando cambios que tienen un efecto directo en su apetito. Los cambios en el gusto y el olfato, sequedad de la boca, cambios en el estómago y los intestinos, falta de aliento, náuseas, vómitos, diarrea y estreñimiento son solo algunas de las cosas que dificultan su capacidad de comer.The Zantac brand of heartburn medication has returned to pharmacy and store shelves, but in a different form. Following a major recall and allegations that NDMA contamination in Zantac causes cancer, manufacturers have updated the Zantac formula to remove potentially dangerous ranitidine and replace it with another ingredient called famotidine. Usted puede recibir una inyección de famotidina en un hospital o puede administrar el medicamento en casa. Si recibirá la inyección de famotidina en casa, su proveedor de cuidado de salud le demostrará cómo utilizar el medicamento. Asegúrese de comprender estas instrucciones y pregúntele a su proveedor de cuidado de salud si tiene alguna ...Nov 4, 2017 · Los científicos compararon el uso de IBP con otro fármaco utilizado para reducir la producción de ácido como son los bloqueadores H2 (la famotidina o cimetidina). Todo ello en un grupo de 63.397 adultos tratados con antibióticos contra el H.Pylori. Los consumidores que tengan preguntas sobre la retirada de medicamentos de Appco Pharma deben llamar al 732-253-7735 o enviar un correo electrónico a [email protected]. Aquellos que hayan comprado los productos afectados de Denton Pharma pueden llamar al 800-722-0772 para tramitar la devolución del producto. Su cuerpo está experimentando cambios que tienen un efecto directo en su apetito. Los cambios en el gusto y el olfato, sequedad de la boca, cambios en el estómago y los intestinos, falta de aliento, náuseas, vómitos, diarrea y estreñimiento son solo algunas de las cosas que dificultan su capacidad de comer.A drug commonly used to treat acid reflux is linked to a more than doubled risk of developing stomach cancer, researchers have claimed. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce the amount of acid made ...May 21, 2020 · Famotidine, a medication used to treat heartburn and stomach ulcers, has recently gone into shortage. The shortage could be due to recalls of other heartburn medications, use of the drug in COVID-19 treatment research, or a combination of both. People who are not able to obtain famotidine can look into alternative medications such as nizatidine (Axid), cimetidine (Tagamet), and cimetidine HB ... Jan 3, 2020 · This can cause levels of gastrin to be higher, he explains. "As a result, the acid-secreting cells of the stomach are hyper-stimulated, leading to increased acid secretion and decreased stomach pH ... La FDA anuncia que les está solicitando a los fabricantes que retiren del mercado inmediatamente todos los medicamentos recetados y de venta libre hechos a base de ranitidina..